Volkswagen Ag Will Pursue A Number of advanced technologies focused on improving vehicle safety and efficiency, including a brake-assist system to soften crash impacts and a far-reaching concept to automate portions of the driving cycle.
Some of the technologies under scrutiny already appear in VW vehicles, while others may never reach production. But each builds on existing technology, such as the video cameras, laser sensors and radars used for lane assist and adaptive cruise-control systems already available on European versions of the Passat CC.
“Our vision is not fully automatic driving,” says Jürgen Leohold, executive director-Group Research, “but assistance in annoying situations,” such as long-distance trips or stop-and-go traffic.
Before getting the green light for production, “the automated system must see like a real driver and react like a real driver,” he says during a recent demonstration of VW technologies at the Ehra-Lessien test track near Wolfsburg, Germany.
VW's “iCar,” or Intelligent Car project, draws on learning from Stanley, one of the company's DARPA Challenge concept cars, and the Golf 53 research vehicle.
DARPA, or the Defense Research Projects Agency, is a U.S.-based competition challenging engineering teams to build a prototype vehicle capable of fully automated driving. In 2005, the Toureg-based Stanley won the DARPA Desert Challenge.
Golf 53 originally was developed to help with vehicle testing, but two years ago it autonomously sped around German racetracks at 150 mph (241 km/h).
The Passat makes an ideal platform for automated driving technologies, VW says, because it already includes core company competencies such as electro-mechanical power steering, an electronic throttle and an electrically actuated parking brake that can be controlled by a computer. The Passat's available, quick-shifting dual-clutch transmission also contributes to iCar's effectiveness, VW says.
The iCar prototype under demonstration leverages those same technologies. But unlike the DARPA vehicle, all of the computer hardware is tucked neatly into the Passat-based iCar's rear cargo area and its 360-degree cameras, radar and sensors are integrated out of sight. A single actuator electronically controls throttle, brake and steering.
Another key difference exists between the competition prototypes and iCar, says Arne Bartels, who heads the iCar program. “We're looking at customers; they were looking for knowledge,” he says.
Not quite as capable as Stanley, iCar still manages to perform in impressive fashion the basic driving functions Volkswagen would like to automate.
For instance, during a test drive, the Volkswagen engineer in the driver's seat takes his hands off the wheel and allows the Passat to automatically slow to a stop when traffic ahead does the same. The car is able to perform a passing maneuver, but as our pilot says, “It's a German car, so never on the right.”
Perhaps more impressive, as iCar approaches a curve in the road at 81 mph (130 km/h), four computers rapidly crunch data from lane-position cameras and a highly precise navigation system to automatically slow the vehicle to 53 mph (85 km/h). It then negotiates the long turn as smoothly as if Michael Schumacher were behind the wheel.
Volkswagen claims iCar will remain in the middle of its driving lane with “centimeter precision.”
Bartels says iCar addresses the topics of driving enjoyment, passenger comfort, and environmental protection. But most of all, it might make travel safer by automating monotonous, long-distance drives and stop-go-traffic.
Those are times, Bartels says citing a recent “100 Car” study from Virginia Technological University and the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Admin., when drivers are least attentive, often performing such secondary tasks as talking on cell phones or eating.
“So the question is, why not give drivers a tool so they can do the secondary tasks without risk?” Bartels asks.
If the system reaches production, it will emerge as a tool to help with stop-and-go traffic, he says, adding, don't expect a day soon when the driver can turn his attention away from steering altogether.
Pedestrians represent “a major problem,” Bartels admits. “Assisted driving, yes, but in the near future no automated driving in urban situations.”
Although VW completed work on the iCar project recently, development will continue through a European Union project called “Have It” (Highly Automated Vehicles for Intelligent Transportation).
Have It will promote the concept of “automatic driving” and operate out of the newly founded Research Center for Vehicle Technology of Lower Saxony initiative at the Technical University of Braunschweig near VW headquarters in Wolfsburg.
Volkswagen also demonstrates its PyroBrake system, a technology much closer to production that leans on the auto maker's existing adaptive cruise control.
PyroBrake uses a stereo camera and radar sensors operating at 24 GHz and 77 GHz to detect an impending crash and initiate hard braking within 80 milliseconds. It works up to 300 milliseconds faster than current automatic emergency braking technology, which is about the time a pedestrian needs to take a step.
Martin Gonter, an engineer on the PyroBrake program, cites a study showing 48% of drivers fail to brake in a frontal collision. He says PyroBrake could be especially helpful at intersections, where pedestrians may appear suddenly.
“The question now is how to detect an unavoidable collision without any false alarms,” Gonter says, declining to offer a production timetable.
But on the test track, the system works without a hitch, applying 1,450 psi (100 bar) of extra pressure before a specially outfitted Passat strikes a yellow impact box about the size of three stacked tires. It slows the car in an instant from 30 mph (48 km/h) to 26 mph (42 km/h).
As hardware, PyroBrake is a small, additional piston unit within the antilock brake system. Once the camera and radar sense an impending impact, the piston fires “pyrotechnically,” much the same way as a seatbelt pretensioner.
VW engineers say further integration of vehicle sensors, radars and cameras will play the biggest role in making systems such as automated driving and PyroBrake a reality.
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